Writing and Format

ONE、General Requirements

1. Standard structure: Title → Authors → Affiliations with city & postal code → Abstract → Keywords → English Title, English Authors, English Affiliations, English Abstract, English Keywords → Introduction → Main Text → Conclusion → Acknowledgements (optional) → References → Figures & Tables (if applicable).

2. No less than 6000 words.

 

TWO、Title

1. Concise and specific, reflecting core research content, generally no more than 22 Chinese characters for Chinese titles; avoid redundant words and undefined abbreviations.

2. English title shall match the Chinese counterpart with capitalization for the first letter of each content word.

3. Excess subheadings are discouraged; use an em dash if a subtitle is necessary.

 

THREE、Authors & Affiliations

1. Multiple authors are separated by commas. An asterisk (*) is marked at the upper right corner of the corresponding author, with a footnote: *Corresponding author: Name, E-mail: xxx@shturl..

2. Use full official institutional names down to school or institute level, formatted as: Institution, Province, City, Postal Code.

3. Arabic numerals are superscripted after authors to match different affiliations.

4. Standard English spelling must be provided for all authors and affiliations.

 

FOUR、Abstract

1. A standalone paragraph covering research objective, methodology, results and conclusions without subheadings or paragraph breaks.

2. Length: 200–300 Chinese characters equivalent; avoid figure/table labels, citations and undefined abbreviations.

3. An English abstract matching the Chinese version in content with fluent grammar and formal academic writing is mandatory.

FIVE、Keywords

1. 3–6 keywords separated by semicolons, adopting standard industrial terminologies; lengthy phrases are not recommended.

2. Spell out abbreviations on first occurrence; English keywords shall correspond exactly to Chinese keywords.

SIX、Main Text

1. Heading hierarchy: Level 1: 1, 2, 3…; Level 2: 1.1, 1.2…; Level 3: 1.1.1…; Level 4: (1), (2)

2. The introduction states research background, existing gaps, significance and research layout without excessive literature enumeration.

3. Equations are center-aligned with right-aligned serial numbers. Define all variables on first use; physical symbols comply with national standards.

4. Only legal international system of units (SI) is adopted; non-metric traditional units are forbidden.

5. Conclusions summarize innovations, key findings, limitations and future outlooks instead of repetitive recap of main text.

 

SEVEN、Figures & Tables

1. Each figure and table must be mentioned in the text before placement. Figure captions are below figures; table titles are above tables.

2. Naming format: Figure 1, Figure 2…; Table 1, Table 2… with both Chinese and English captions.

3. Image with clear lines; blurry screenshots are unacceptable.

4. All tables shall adopt three-line table style with no vertical lines or redundant horizontal rules; define abbreviations in table headers.

5. Font size inside figures and tables shall be smaller than main text with clear annotations.

 

EIGHT、References

1. No fewer than 8 references, at least 60% published within recent 3–5 years with adequate foreign literature. Follow GB/T 7714 sequential citation system, marked as superscript [1], [2] in-text.

2. Typical formats: (1) Journal article: [1] Author. Article title[J]. Journal Name, Year, Volume(Issue): Page range. (2) Monograph: [2] Author. Book Title[M]. Edition. Place: Publisher, Year: Page range. (3) Dissertation: [3] Author. Thesis Title[D]. City: Institution, Year. (4) Electronic documents, conference papers, patents and standards follow national standard uniformly.

3. Capitalize surnames of foreign authors and abbreviate given names; journal names use ISO standard abbreviations.

 

NINE、Supplementary Format Rules

1. Write the full name of abbreviations on first occurrence followed by the abbreviated form in parentheses for subsequent use.

2. Funding information is placed in the footnote of the first page: Funding: Project Name (Grant No.).

3. Authors shall conduct self-plagiarism check before submission to meet the journal similarity requirements.

4. Headers, footers, watermarks, comments and tracked revision marks are prohibited in submitted manuscripts.